Mekelle University
College
of Law and Governance
Department
Civic and Ethical Studies
A
research paper on:
Assessing
Rural to Urban Migration of Females in Tigray Region: The Case of Wukro Town
Senior essay submitted
to the department of Civic and Ethical Studies of the College of Law and
Governance/Mekelle University in Partial Fulfilment for Requirement of the
Bachelor of Art Degree in Civics and Ethical Studies
By: ALEMITU GEDIFEW
ID NO. CSSL/UR80441/07
Adviser
Micheale Kihishen
June, 2017
Mekelle, Ethiopia
Approval
.................... ........................... ................................
Advisor Signature Date
.................................. .......................... .....................
Examiner Signature Date
Abstract
The study was aimed at
assessing rural to urban migration of females in Tigray region (in case of Wukro
town). The reason that initiates the researcher to conduct this research on
this topic is the fact that to know the reasons why females migrate from rural
to urban areas. The general objective of the research was to examine the
challenges of female migration from rural to urban in case of Wukro town with
specific objectives like to identify the major pushing factors of migrants from
their place of origin, to see major pulling factors to migrate from their place
of origin and to explore what difficulties female face after they migrate to
urban area. For this study the researcher was used primary data source which is
collected through questionnaires. The study was also used sampling technique.
The data was analyzed and interpreted using descriptive data analyzing method. Finally
the data was concluded and recommended
Acknowledgment
First,
no word of thanks and gratitude is sufficient to appreciate that the God and
his mother Saint Mary have done for me.
Next
I would like to express my respectful gratitude to my advisor instructor Micheale
Kihishen for devoting his golden time
giving me valuable advice in a giving clue or hint and showing best directions
in what manner that I could prepare this paper from starting to the end.
Thirdly
I would like to thank my family heart full appreciation goes to how have been
encouraging by morally and financially support until the completion of this
final stage, for all things I have done throughout my stay here.
Finally,
I would like to sincere thanks peoples in Wukro town who were willing to fulfil
the questionnaire and provide the relevant information required to do this
paper. And also thanks to my friends for supporting me directly or indirectly.
Content of Table
Content
Page No
Abstract..................................................................................................
Acknowledgement.................................................................................
Chapter One.........................................................................................1
1. Background
of the Study..............................................................1
1.2
Statement of the Problem.........................................................2
1.3
Objective of the
Study.............................................................3
1.3.1 General
Objective....................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific
Objectives..................................................................3
1.4
Research
Questions..................................................................3
1.5
Significance of the
Study.........................................................3
1.6
Scope of the Study...................................................................4
1.7
Limitation of the
Study............................................................4
1.8
Method of Data Analysis and
Interpretation............................4
1.8.1 Source
of Data..........................................................................4
1.9
Data Collection
Technique.........................................................4
1.9.1
Questionnaire...........................................................................5
1.9.2
Interview..................................................................................5
1.10
Sampling Method and Sampling Size.......................................5
Chapter Two....................................................................................6
2. Review
of Related Literature........................................................6
2.1
Conceptual Frame
Works...........................................................6
2.1.1
Definition of Migration...........................................................6
2.2
Type of
Migration.......................................................................6
2.2.1
Forced
Migration.....................................................................6
2.2.2
Voluntary Migration................................................................6
2.2.3
Induced
Migration....................................................................6
2.3
Factors for
Migration..................................................................7
2.3.1
Push Factor...............................................................................7
2.3.2
Pull
Factor................................................................................7
2.4
Dimension Scale of
Migration....................................................7
2.4.1 Rural to Rural
Migration............................................................7
2.4.2 Urban to Urban
Migration............................................................8
2.4.3 Rural to Urban
Migration.............................................................8
2.4.4 Urban to Rural
Migration.............................................................8
2.5 Rural to Urban Migration in Developing
Countries........................8
2.6 Rural to Urban Migration of Women in Ethiopia...........................9
2.7 Theories of
Migration....................................................................10
2.7.1 Neoclassical Economic
Theory..................................................10
2.7.2 Dual Labor Market Theory.........................................................10
2.7.3 New Economic of Labor Migration
Theory...............................11
2.7.4 Relative Deprivation
Theory......................................................11
2.7.5 World System Theory................................................................11
2.8 Consequence of
Migration............................................................12
Chapter Three....................................................................................13
3. Data
Analysis and Interpretation ...............................................13
3.1
General Information of the Respondents....................................13
3.2 Factors
for Migration in Wukro Town........................................15
3.3 Socioeconomic
Effects of Migration and Challenges to Female Migrants in the Studies
Area...............................................................17
Chapter Four ....................................................................................20
4. Conclusion
and Recommendation..............................................20
4.1
Conclusions...............................................................................20
4.2
Recommendations.....................................................................21
Reference........................................................................................
Appendix.........................................................................................
List of table
Page
Table
3 .1 General characteristics of the respondents ...................13
Table3.2 Factors for migration in wukro town ...........................15
Table
3.3 pushing factors for female migrants to wukro town.......16
Table
3.4 pulling factors for female migrants to wukro town .......17
Table
3.5 difficulties faced to female migrants in the study area...17
Chapter One
1 Background of the
Study
Historically,
rural to urban migration has played significant role in the urbanization
process of several countries. In 1950, 275 million (38%) people were living in
cities in the developing world (Tadaro, 2004). Migration is the movement of
people from one place to another place with the intention of setting
temporarily or permanently. It is simply the form of changing residences from
one administrative unit to another (standing, 1998). In Africa however, rural
to urban migration has been dominated by men. Patterns of migration changed
from traditional male dominated long passing distance to female dominated with
in Africa (Adepoju, 2004).
The
issue of migration in Ethiopia is the most challenging phenomena that becomes
for intensive from time to time (Ibid). Internal migration flow in Ethiopia is
currently larger than external flows but the exact number of who migrate
internally is not known. Internal migration occurs in the form of rural to
urban migration and rural to urban migration and resettlement policy which are
all substantial in Ethiopia. Internal migration in Ethiopia has traditionally
occurred at marriage when wife moves to somewhere.
There
is great awareness in the Tigray region society about female genital mutilation
forced and early marriage, abduction and rape. This practice becomes the topic
of numerous anthropological studies and the target of countless NGOs. Even the
Ethiopian government band them as ‘’harmful traditional practices’’ despite the
existing awareness about the miserable situation of the female population in
many parts of the country there is only little knowledge about this women who
resist this practice and escape to urban countries, this research project deals
with women who migrated to wukro town to start a new life away from their
parents, husband and sometimes even their children. The focus is on those women
how to try to make a living by working us household servants in the Tigray
capital. As matter of fact, a considerable number of these women escaped
violence in their village only to become a victim of violence in town. Due to
these problems, various women to migrate from surrounding rural villages to Wukro
town.
This
study tries to examine the challenges of female’s migrant’s from rural to urban
and their life destination area in ‘’wukro’town’ takes as the case of study.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In
Ethiopia large numbers of people move from place to place as a result of mam
mad and natural disaster, such as deforestation and poverty. In the same way
migration is also a major phenomenon because of socio-economic and political
factor (Ezra, 1997: Berhann, 1993).
Due
to social and economic barriers, rural women who make up of one fourth of the
world population fare worse than rural men. It is known as that migration is a
highly gendered phenomenon. Women in general face defaults of challenges of
many areas than similarly situated men do.(un-habitat, 2004).
As
‘’wukro’’ town recently it is highly growing population, this attracts rural to
urban migration particularly women migrants who came from rural area to
‘’wukro’’ town for in searching of better income and job opportunities but the
life of the migrants faced difficulties in the urban areas specifically for
women who have rural to urban migration may mean an immediate important of
their situation but often sometimes continues to be part of their lives. Some
of them have no other choice than to live in hygiene (Ibid). As indicated above
owning to with particular women migrated come to searching for different job
opportunities better urban life and better income but their life in destination
especially in hygiene for provided dangerous urban slum since some of them are
manipulated by their employers in domestic work and their activities that is
they have the time to go to school and they remain illiterate and also many of
them cannot get their salary at time. There are many factors for rural women
migration into urban area among those factors the push and pull factors. The
push factors people leave with no choice their origin area. Lack of job or
poverty is economic factors provide the main motivated behind migration. In
fact,an international migrant has left home to find better job and lifestyle
opportunities for their families abroad (ILO, 2008).
In
this and other causes many of them became strait dwellers and prostitutes.
Having this in mind the researcher will attempt to assess the challenges of
migration from rural to urban in wukro.
1.3
Objective of the Study
This
study has the following objectives. These are the general and specific
objectives.
1.3.1
General objective
The
general objective of this study was to eassess the challenges of female
migration from rural to urban in the case of wukro town.
1.3.2
Specific Objectives
Ø To
identify the major cause of female migration from their place of origin.
Ø To
examine the socio-economic effect of migration in the study area.
Ø To
assess the challenges of women face due to migration from rural to urban area.
1.4
Research Questions
ü What
are the major causes of women migration from rural to urban place?
ü What
are the socio-economic effects of migration to women migrant?
ü What
challenges women face while in urban areas?
1.5
Significance of the Study
This
research helps to enrich knowledge about migrant women for policy making and
planning because it may be helpful in lacking the problem that force to leave
their origin and narrowing the development gap between urban and rural area
through introduction of sound rural development and effective urban management.
The other significance is it provides base line data about female migration
data and related in Wukro town.
Since
this study conducted in urban area it provide further information for planning
policy formulation and program implementation regarding migrant data source.
It
is helpful in serving further detail research on this topic and finally the
results of this study can also contribute its share are building knowledge for
academic and research community.
1.6
Scope of the Study
This
study was limited by geographically and thematically. Geographically, the study
focused on Wukro town. Thematically, the study focused on the challenges of
female migration from rural to urban in the case of Wukro town.
1.7
Limitation of the Study
Research
was on action which requires consideration of several things such as, experience
while conducting this research the following challenges occurred. Such as, lack
of interest on side of respondents to give information that is necessary for
the success of the study. Shortage of time and finance, lack of experience and
necessary knowledge in some cases as a researcher is a beginner. Lack of enough
reference material related to the title of the study and lack of secondary
data.
1.8
Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation
In
this study descriptive method of data analysis used to analyze and interpreting
the collected data. Both qualitative and quantitative method used. The data
gathered through questioners and interview was analyzed by using table, pie
chart and percentage in order to provide basic background.
1.8.1
Source of Data
To
insure the validity of and reliability of the study the researcher collected
data from primary and secondary sources. Primary source of data would be collected
through interview and questionnaire. Secondary source of data collected using
different documents and sources such as published materials, annual reports, and
quarter reports and from various literatures.
1.9
Data Collection Technique
For
this study the process the researcher would be used the following data
collection techniques to get adequate and relevant information.
1.9.1 Questionnaires
Questionnaires
were used to get information from respondents. Both closed ended and open ended
questions were used to gather the relevant information.
1.9.2 Interview
This
is the conversation between a researcher and respondents. For this study, the
researcher would use structured type of interview which the interview lists all
questions that are supposed to be asking for government worker.
1.10
Sampling Method and Sampling Size
The
respondent was select by snowball sampling method. Snowball sampling is the
process of selecting a sample using network, of chain sampling. This sampling
technique is often used in hidden population which are difficult for researcher
to access (Good man, 1961).
Therefore,
researcher was conducted 25 individual for structured interview and purposive
sampling method was collected information from Wukro town administrative staff.
Chapter
Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1
Conceptual Frame works
2.1.1 Definition of Migration
Human
migration is the movement by people from one place to another place with the
intentions of setting temporarily or permanently in the new location. The
movement is often over long distances and from country to another country, but
internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally
migration may be individuals, family units, or in large groups (Migration
country wise, 2014).
2.2 Types of Migration
There
are different types of migration these term are used to describe the attributes
of migration for some time here are three main types of migration are
discussed.
2.2.1 Forced Migration
Forced
migration is a negative form of migration transfer of people forcefully or
without their willing often caused by persecution and exploitation in human
(Ibid).
2.2.2 Voluntary
Migration
Voluntary
migration is migration movement based on one’s free will and initiation. People
move for a variety of reason and it involved weighing option and choice.
Individual who are interested in moving will often analyze the push and pull
factors of two locations before making their decision. The strongest factors
influencing people to voluntary one the desire to live in a better and
employment opportunities (Ibid).
2.2.3 Induced Migration
This
over view use the working definition of induced migrants proposed by
international organization for migration (IOM) environmentally induced
migrations are person who, for comparing reason of sudden or progressive change
in the environment that adversely affect their lives or home or choose to do
so, either temporarily or permanently and who move either within their country
or abroad international organization for migration (IOM, 2007).
2.3
Factors for Migration
2.3.1
Push factor
Push
factors came in many forms sometimes these factors leave people with no choice,
but to leave their country of origin. Lack of job or poverty: economic factors
provide the main motivation behind migration.
In
fact according to the international labour
2.3.2
Pull factors
organization,
approximately half of the total population of current international migrations
or about 100 million migrate workers have left home to find better job and
better life style opportunities for their families abroad (ILO,2008).
Whereas
pull factors derive migrants out of their countries of origin. The positive
aspect of some countries serves to attract more immigrants than others below
are three examples of pull factors that draw migrants to receiving countries
higher standard of living or higher wage labor demand and political and
religious freedom. Economic incentive provide both the biggest push and pull
factors for potential migrants people moving to more developed countries will
often find that the some work they doing at home is rewarded abroad with higher
wage (Hanson, 2003).
2.4
Dimension Scale of Migration
According
to Rande (1990) there are four dimension of migration. These are; rural to
rural, urban to urban, rural to urban and urban to rural migration.
2.4.1
Rural to Rural Migration
The
expansion of large scale farming plays great role the movement of people from
rural to rural areas. This has resulted in extremely rapid growth of certain
villages (Rande, 1990).
2.4.2
Urban to Urban Migration
A
country which has a high percentage of rural to urban migration has high
proportion of urban to urban migration. A movement of people from urban to
urban area is because of job transfers and for higher education. In developed
countries when people become old change their residence to rural area and in
search for better job and other factors motivate to urban area to urban
migration in the same way rural to urban migration closely follows urban to
urban migration the first step in movement is from rural to urban area, but if
things are not as their expectation they change their destination to other
better urban areas (Ibid).
2.4.3
Rural to Urban Migration
Rural
to urban migration is an inevitable feature of economic development of urban
centers and industrialization. The pull factors are the main factors that
attract people to urban area in rural to urban migration. The push factors are
also the other that force people to leave their places of origin (Shrvastua,
2004).
2.4.4
Urban to Rural Migration
Much
of this is caused mainly by marriage, job transfer; shortage of urban housing,
lack of adequate employment opportunities in urban areas. Population is little
affected by migration from urban to rural areas (Rande, 1990).
2.5
Rural to Urban Migration in Developing Countries
With
over 16 million migrants Africans account for one fifth of the global migrants.
Projection indicates that by 2025 one in ten in particular South Africa has the
long numbers of foreign born person excluding irregular migrants (Ibid).
In
Africa, between rural to urban migration has been traditionally dominated by
man the pattern of migration changed from traditionally male dominated long
distance to female dominated with Africans research advises show in of
migrants. Women are increasing all increase in women migration is not limited
by national boundaries. Professional women from Nigeria and Ghana now engages
at home to care for children women migration is brought a remarkable change in
gender roles for Africa bring new challenges for public policy (Adepjo, 2004).
Studying
the migrant women in many developing countries, but limited attention has given
to women migrant up to beginning of 1980, especially in Latin America and the
Caribbean and to some extent in Asia net migration rate to urban area of the
higher for than for men (UN-population division, 2000).
In
the past in South Africa women were not allowed to move abroad. Today with in
increasing number of Africa migration women traditionally male dominated
pattern of migration changed to female dominated pattern as stated by Hisam Anderfan
(UN-INSTRAW, 2002).
2.6
Rural to Urban Migration of Women in Ethiopia
The
issue of migration in Ethiopia is defiantly no new phenomena. The over
presentation of migration women in the capital has been observed as early as
the 1970s (Lakech, cited in Bjeran, 1985). In Ethiopia there are a number of
problem faced by rural people like, economic, cultural, political and
environmental problems. A study made by ministry of education institute for
curriculum development and research (1994) has stated that the rural parts of
the country experience. The following broad areas of problem landlessness both
before and after land fragmentation, lack of oxen for plugging, inadequate
agricultural inputs and low production, improper farming practice, deforestation
over grazing, over cultivation and consequent environmental degradation. These
factors push people to migrate from rural area to urban areas as the women are
half part of the society of affected by the above mentioned problem are also
forced to leave their home.
According
to finance and economic development bureau of South nation nationalities and
people region (2006) rural to urban migration in Sothern region of Ethiopia
accounts for about 70.8% of the existing large numbers of people ill different
urban areas. The migrants’ age bracket is also distant for example urban areas.
The migrants moved to the last destination during the age of 15-24 indicating
the youth among others are more prone to migration 37.1% of adult also migrate
to urban areas (Ibid).
Similarly
as far as the regional office of population and statistics 1984 census the
contribution of migration to urbanization was about 30.79% but it grew up to
55.4% in the next census 1994.
This
means the rate of urbanization also increased from year to year urbanization
accelerated by the internal migration of people.
2.7
Theories of Migration
Overview
There
are a number of reasons why people choose to migrate to another country.
Globalization has increased the demand for worker from other countries in order
to sustain national economies known as “economic migrants” these individual are
generally from impoverished developing countries migrant to obtain sufficient
income for survival. People also move or forced to move as a result of conflict
human right violation and violence. In 2013 it was estimated that around 51.2
million people fell in to this category. Another reason people move is gain
access to opportunities and services. This type of movement is usually from
rural to urban areas and is known as internal migration (Jason deparle, 2007).
There are number of theories to explain the international flow of capital and
people from one country to another.
2.7.1
Neoclassical Economic Theory
This
theory of migration states that the main reason for labour migration is wage
difference between two geographic locations. These wage difference are usually
linked to geographic labor demand and supply. It can be said that area with
shortage of labour but an excess of capital have a high relative wage while are
with a high labour supply and a death of capital have a low relative wage. Labour
tends to flow from low wage area to high wage area (Ibid).
2.7.2
Dual Labor Market Theory
Dual
labour market state that migration is mainly caused by pull factors on more
developed countries. This theory assumed that the labour market is these
developed countries consists of two segments tertiary, which requires high
skilled labour, and primary, which is very labour intensive but requires low
skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed
countries in to more developed countries is a result of a pull created by a
need for labour in the developed countries in their secondary market. Migrant
workers are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labor market because the
native labourers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of
mobility. This creates a need for migrant workers (Jannissen, R 2007).
2.7.3
New Economics of Labor Migration Theory
This theory states that migration flows and pattern
cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and their
economic incentives, but that wider social entities must be considered as well.
One such social entity is the house hold migration can be viewed as a result of
risk aversion on the part of house hold that has insufficient income. The house
hold in this case, is need of extra capital that can be achieved through
remittance sent back by family members who participate in migration labor abroad
(Ibid).
Recent
research has examined a decline in us interstate migration from 1991 to 2011,
theorizing that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in
geographic specificity of occupation and an increase in workers ability to
learn about other location before moving there, though both information
technology and inexpensive travel(Federal research bank of Minneapolis, 2012).
2.7.4
Relative Deprivation Theory
Relative
deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between
neighbors or other households in migrant-sending community is an important
factor in migration. The incentive to migrate is a lot higher in areas that
have a high level of economic inequality. In the short run remittances may
increase inequality, but in the long run they may actually decrease it. There
are two stages of migration for a worker first, they invest in human capital
formation and then they try to capitalize on their investments. In this way,
successful migrant may use their new capital to provide for better schooling
for their children’s and better homes for their families (Jennissen, R, 2007).
2.7.5
World System Theory
World
system theory looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that
interaction between different societies can be an important factor in social
change within societies. Trade with one country which causes economic decline
in another may create incentive to migrate to country with a move vibrant
economy. It can be argued that even after decolonization, the economic
dependence of former colonies still remains on mother countries. it can be
argued that the developed countries, impact a labor- intensive goods, which
cases an increase in employment of a skilled workers in the less developed
countries, decreasing the out flow of migrant workers. The export of capital
intensive goods from rich countries to poor countries also equalizes income and
employment conditions, thus also slowing migration. In either direction theory
can be used to explain migration between countries that are far apart (Janssen,
R 2007).
2.8
Consequence of Migration
When
migrants travel from one country to another country they take various things
with them such as culture, language and the most dangerous things is called
microbes virus, bacteria and parasites most are annoying but some are deadly
(Sterna, 2006:345). When migrants move from their place of origin they bring
their language the culture of society. Increasing rural to urban migration as
result urban employment, increase in environmental problem, over growing of
population and the shortage of urban amenities (ibid). One of the reasons for
accelerated urban growth is the result of migration from rural area to urban
centers rapid growth of population due to increasing fertility rate. The effect
of migration of the individual migrant themselves who came from varied
socio-economic back, ground the cultural transformation, overcrowding of
migrants to the city and its impact on urban employment and also migration and
rapid urban expansion create problem on schooling health service and the cost
of food items and the population change is basically due to high rate of rural
to urban migration (UNICEF, 1984).
CHAPTER THREE
3. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
This chapter deals with the analysis and
interpretation of data that were collected through questionnaires and
interview.
The
first table contains personal background information of the female migrants.
The second table contains the main pushing factors of migration. The third
table contains the pulling factors behind female migration to wukro town. And
the fourth table contains opportunities of migrants.
3.1 General information
of the respondents
This
part of the paper presents general characteristics of respondents
Table 1. General characteristics
of the respondents
No
|
|
Response
|
frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
|
15-20
|
4
|
16
|
21-25
|
11
|
44
|
26-30
|
6
|
24
|
31-35
|
3
|
12
|
36-40
|
1
|
4
|
Total
|
25
|
100
|
2
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
8
|
32
|
Single
|
10
|
40
|
Divorce
|
5
|
20
|
Widowed
|
2
|
8
|
Total
|
25
|
100
|
3
|
Educational
level
|
Not educated
|
4
|
16
|
Primary school
|
18
|
72
|
Secondary
school
|
3
|
12
|
College or
university
|
-
|
-
|
Total
|
25
|
100
|
4
|
Place of
origin
|
Belesa
|
4
|
16
|
|
Korir
|
6
|
24
|
Dengolo
|
10
|
40
|
Mekuh
|
5
|
20
|
5
|
Current occupation
|
Daily labor
|
12
|
48
|
Small business
|
6
|
24
|
Domestic works
|
7
|
28
|
Total
|
25
|
100
|
Source:
own survey of data (2017)
The
above table shows particularly age, marital status, educational level and place
of origin and their current occupation of female migrants in wukro town. As
presented in the table from 25 sample respondents when we look to their age
group the majorities of 44%(11) them are 21-25 age group migrants followed by
24%(6) of them 26-30, 16%(4) them 15-20, 12%(3)31-35 and 4%(36-40) age group
are found.
When
we look their marital status majorities of migrant women 40% (10) are single
and 32 %( 8) of the women migrant are married followed by 20 %( 5) of them are
divorced and lastly 8 %( 2) of the migrant women are widowed.
And
also we look their educational background 72% (18) of the women migrant are
from low grade of dropped their schooling in primary level and 16% (4) are not
educated at all or illiterate even they do not know reading and writing only
12% (3) are dropped their schooling from secondary school and based on the
above table look their place of origin
the majorities of i.e 40% (10) of them are from Belesa are followed korir 24%
(6) Denegolo 20% (5) and Mekuh lastly, based on the above table and personal
observation when we look their current occupation 48% (12) women migrants are
engaged in daily labor 28% (7) in domestic work and 24% (6) of them in small
business.
Also
as focus revealed that the majority of migrant are engaged in daily Labor, in
domestic work and small business such as backing ‘injera’ cooking food and
cleaning work but their income is very low that most of them are uneducated
because they engaged in informal work.
3.2
Factors for Migration in Wukro town
Table 2 Pushing factors
to migration in the study area
No
|
Respondents
|
|
|
Item
|
Response
|
frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Is
the any pushing factors to your migration?
|
Yes
No
|
24
1
|
96
4
|
|
|
total
|
25
|
100
|
Source:
own survey of data(2017)
From
the above table we look the pushing factors to female migration and from 25
female migrants 96% (24) migrants say yes there is pushing factors behind migration
and 4% (1) of them say no, so from this data we can understand that female
migrants does not migrated unless there are any pushing factors. These pushing
factors may be economical or social problems.
Table 3: Pushing
factors for female migrant’s wukro town
No
|
Respondents
|
|
|
Item
|
Response
|
frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Pushing
factors behind migration
|
Death
of parents
Lack
of job in origin
Family
disagreement or conflict
Divorce
Widowed
|
4
10
4
4
3
|
16
40
16
16
12
|
|
|
total
|
25
|
100
|
Based
on the above table the main reason for migration is lack of job opportunity in
their place of origin i.e 40% (10) them are migrated to the current area mainly
in this reason. 16% (4) migrant are migrated to the current area because of
their parents death, 16% (4) of them again migrated by divorce and followed by
12% (3) of them migrated because of widowed. And also similarly according to my
focus majorities of women leave their place of origin of lack of job in rural
area and they say there is no job access in rural area without agriculture and
also parental death is the cause to female migration to wukro town.
Table 4 Pulling factors
for female migrants to wukro town
No
|
Respondents
|
|
|
Item
|
Response
|
frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
Pulling
factors to female migration
|
Better
job in urban area
Better
urban life
Contribution
to family by remittance
Other
economic factor
|
14
8
2
1
|
56
32
8
4
|
|
|
total
|
25
|
100
|
Source:
own survey data (2017)
When
we look the pulling factors of women migration to wukro town according to the
above table the main pulling factor is better job opportunity in urban area
that is 56% (14) migrants are migrated to the current area looking at better
job and income opportunity and 32% (8) of migrant are migrated in looking
better urban living conditions followed by remit their family by sending money
from their income and based on data gathered through focus group discussion the
main pulling factors for the female migrant was urban pulling better job
opportunities, better urban life and better income they earn from their job.
3.3 Socio –Economic
Effects of Migration and Challenges to Female Migrants in the Study area
Table 5: Difficulties
faced to female migrants in the study area
No
|
Respondents
|
|
|
Item
|
Response
|
frequency
|
Percentage
|
1
|
What
are the difficulties of migration on your life?
|
Increase
work load
Sexual
abuse in work place
Deteriorate
living condition
Housing
problem
Food
problem
Health
problem
|
11
-
5
4
3
2
|
44
-
20
16
12
8
|
|
|
total
|
25
|
100
|
Source: Field Survey
According
to table 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 and 3.5 difficulties of migration is higher on the
life of female migrants in work town. That is only 36% (9) of them improved
income but the majority of the migrant 64% (16) of them have meet challenge on
their life that is increases work load higher house rent, deteriorate living
and low income. As indicated previously in table 3.5 and according to my
interview the majorities of the women migrants are illiterate and dropped from
their schools. From this we conclude that most of the migrants women are less
educated or no educated at all. From the prevalence of illiteracy and elementary
level education we can presume that there is social economic and unavailability
of educational services in rural areas. These indicate that for the rural women
there is no conductive circumstance for education compared to women in urban
area. When we examine their economic activity according to my interview the
majorities of female migrants are engaged in daily labor and informal work
which increase their work load not their income. Their income is very low, this may directly
relate to their educational status because they are less educated and their
income as well less.
According
to the data, migrants are facing serious problem such as house rent poor
nutrition because their income is very low which even not cover their daily
needs and sufficient medical care where they are sick, other unsanitary
condition which are resulted from over crowed living condition that is they
live in group up five members is one small room called ‘kasha’ house which are
very open for communicable disease and according to in addition my interview
the migrant women face many difficulties in urban area among them sexual
violence rape they are not receive their wage at a time, increase their work
load and they don’t have access to education.
This
and other conditions make their life difficult. They expose to this bad
condition of life because when they live together in one room.
The
other difficulties that female migrants face in wukro town according to my
understanding the majority of migrants are living in poor housing condition. Most
of the houses are made of wood and not roof are covered by corrugated iron
sheets which are not conductive for living standards of the individuals.
The
migrant low income exerts considerable impact on the types of hose they live in
and some of them are homeless, who live temporarily in their friend’s house.
CHAPTER
FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The study explores the
challenges of female migration from rural to urban in the case of wukro town.
The data for this study was collected through questionnaires and interview.
4.1
Conclusions
Rural to urban
migration is one the factors of population change. it may causes depopulation
at points of origin and overpopulation at destination area .mostly in Ethiopia
urban population is growing at faster rate due to rural to urban migration.
Generally, this study deals with the examiner challenges of female migration
from rural to urban. And also tries to identify the rural push and urban full
factor and the consequences of migration on various aspects of socio –economic
lives of the female in both the area of area and destination.
This study reveals
that large number of rural people migrates from different directions wards
wukro town due to rural push factors and urban pull factors.
It is found that
migration from rural area is due to more of economic than other reason .these
economic factors include urban poll factors such as, better job opportunities
.better living conditions compared to rural area and the other is rural push
factors such as, lack of job and different amenities in rural area.
Majorities of the
rural females are .due to this pushing reason rural women migrate to urban
area the economic factors include urban
pulling factors such as, better job opportunities in urban areas better urban
living conditions educational access in urban area attract rural woman to
migrate from their place of origin to urban area
There are some
improvement attained by rural-urban migrant woman in destination area, for
instance some of them are sending remittance to their families. Betterment in
quality of life compared with their rural life. This can be seen among other
things by their involvement in small business and chance for education their
part time and some of them have job opportunity in destination area. The rural
urban migration of women in general causes complicated problems on their life
in place of destination. These problems include absence of home to stay until
they get job, labour exploitation, human right abuse and communicable disease.
This is mainly caused by that they live in group up to five members in one
small room. In this case the destinations of the migrant are risky, low paying
and informal work for their income. This low paying and informal work are due
to their education status that they are illiterate and their chance to get
better job is very low in urban areas.
4.2
Recommendations
After i have analyzed
the challenges of female migration from rural to rural to urban in wukroi town
the researcher have suggested the following recommendations.
The communities in
rural area, government and different non-government organization should
establish schools especially for female in kebele level in their origin because
if their chance for education increase their life as well as they get better
job. Rein forces commitment to collaborative action between government and
different civil societies in order to increase the livelihood of women in which
women engage in productive work.
Family heads,
community leader, government policy markets should ensure gender equality with
in societies in order to empower women to bring them to generate their own
income. Migration from rural to urban area is tied mostly to the income gap
difference between rural and urban area. So through balancing between them or
by integrating regional planning strategies of urban area and their surrounding
rural area will minimize rural to urban migration.
Generally, further
studies are needed in this area with continuous registration and assessment to
find out the complex phenomena of rural to urban migration.
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